DAY 129Quick read

Singapore issues have come to be known as those issues introduced by rich countries, while the Doha agenda was promoted by the developing nations. The Doha agenda aims to create a level playing field for developing nations as well as secure their national interests(eg: Patent policies should not hamper production of medicines at reasonable prices for public health in developing nations). Further, agriculture was of particular interest since heavy subsidies by European nations and the US in the agriculture sector affected exports as well as domestic agriculture markets in developing nations.
Singapore issues focus on 3 major themes: investment, competition, government procurement, which aim to maximise the rights of foreign enterprises to have market access to developing nations through their products and investments and reduce the rights of host government over regulations.

Generally speaking, kelps live further from the tropics than coral reefs, mangrove forests, and warm-water seagrass beds. The productive kelp forests tend to be associated with areas of significant oceanographic upwelling.
According to a recent study, Climate change could lead to decline of underwater kelp forests. They are considered as Keystone Species and their removal is likely to result in a relatively significant shift in the composition of the community and perhaps in the physical structure of the environment. It provides an important source of food for many marine species. It may be consumed directly or colonised by bacteria that in turn are preyed upon by consumers.

India’s per capita emissions is well below the global average. Further, it has pledged reduction in emission intensity compared to 2005 levels. India’s per capita emissions stood at a seventh of the US figure and less than half the world average. India also aims for 40% of its installed electricity capacity to be renewable or nuclear by 2030. India published its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008, split into eight missions on diverse aspects of climate mitigation and adaptation policy.

The revolt spread to different parts of the country: Kanpur, Lucknow, Benares, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagdishpur and Jhansi. The rebel activity was marked by intense anti-British feelings and the administration was invariably toppled. In the absence of any leaders from their own ranks, the insurgents turned to the traditional leaders of Indian society — the territorial aristocrats and feudal chiefs who had suffered at the hands of the British.

Mode 1 example- Business process outsourcing by a foreign MNC to an Indian firm in India.
Mode 2 example-Travelling abroad for tourism/education.
Mode 3 example- Branch of foreign bank in India.
Mode 4 example- Foreign health worker working in India.

The New Development Bank was formed to support infrastructure and sustainable development efforts in BRICS and other underserved, emerging economies for faster development through innovation and cutting-edge technology. The bank will partner nations through capital and knowledge, achieving development goals with transparency and empathy.
Objectives of NDB:
Fostering development of member countries
Supporting economic growth
Promoting competitiveness and facilitating job creation
Building a knowledge sharing platform among developing countries

The greatest work of Cornwallis was the purification of the civil service by the employment of capable and honest public servants. He aimed at economy, simplification and purity. He inaugurated the policy of making appointments mainly on the basis of merit thereby laying the foundation of the Indian Civil Service.
Under Warren Hastings, East India Company decided to act as Diwan and to undertake the collection of revenue by its own agents. Hence, the Dual System introduced by Robert Clive was abolished. Further, the Board of Revenue was established at Calcutta to supervise the collection of revenue. English Collectors were appointed in each district. The Board of Revenue farmed out the lands by auction for a period of five years instead of one year in order to find out their real value.

A cap puts a maximum tolerable level of pollution and makes companies that go beyond this limit to pay. Certain companies are able to reduce their carbon emissions to match the number of permits they have. Unfortunately, some companies cannot do this. Trading in permits enables companies to buy and sell their allowances. This leads to efficient and more cost-effective pollution reductions and acts as a motivation to invest more in cleaner technology. Further, companies can actually turn their pollution cuts into revenue.
Emissions trading is a central element of the Kyoto protocol in the form of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
The Gujarat government has started a novel emissions trading programme aimed to cut particulate air pollution and facilitate robust economic growth.

Volcanic mountains example-Mt. Fuji, Mt. Mayon
Block mountains example-Satpura, Vindhya
Fold mountains example-Alps, Himalayas

The Court may entertain only two types of cases:
Contentious cases – Legal disputes between States submitted to it by them.
Advisory proceedings – Requests for advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by United Nations organs and specialized agencies. Contrary to judgments, the Court’s advisory opinions are not binding.
It has no jurisdiction to deal with applications from individuals, NGOs or private groups and it rules only on the rights and obligations of States.