DAY 123Quick read

While he granted Marathas the sardeshmukhi of the Deccan, he failed to grant them the chauth and thus to satisfy them fully. He also did not recognise Shahu as the rightful Maratha King. There could be no restoration of peace and order so long as the Maratha sardars fought one another as well as fought against the Mughal authority.
During his reign the remnants of the Royal treasure, amounting in 1707 to some 13 crores of rupees, were exhausted.
He adopted a more tolerant attitude towards the Hindu chiefs and rajas. There was no destruction of temples in his reign and it strengthened his rule since it facilitated making pacts with the various kingdoms.

The project is executed with technical and financial assistance from the Government of Japan.
High-speed rail will be operating at a speed of 320 Km/hr at an elevated (10 to 15 m) track above the ground on a viaduct all along except 26 kms in Mumbai, which will be underground. With a total of twelve stations, the corridor will have a length of 508.17 Km.

Investment on industrial machinery leads to creation of physical capital, but doesn’t amount to development of human capital in itself. Acquiring information from the machinery or learning skills through it will lead to human capital formation.
Preventive medicine (vaccination), curative medicine (medical intervention during illness), provision of clean drinking water are the various forms of health expenditures. Health expenditure directly increases the supply of a healthy labour force and thus a source of human capital formation.
Expenditure regarding on-the-job training is a source of human capital formation as the return of such expenditure in the form of enhanced labour productivity is more than the cost of it.

Neutrinos are least harmful of elementary particles, as they hardly interact with matter. In fact, trillions of solar neutrinos pass through our body every second without doing any harm to us. They are key to understanding the evolution of the universe and energy production in the Sun and the stars.

The committee has encouraged promotion of private sector participation. It states that the key reason for the failure of private participation in railways is that policymaking, the regulatory function, and operations are all vested within the same organisation, i.e, the Ministry of Railways. The Committee recommended that the three roles must be separated from each other to have sustained and large scale private participation. Railways’ monopoly discourages private sector entry into the market. Secondly, schemes for private sector participation are not prepared with the involvement of stakeholders. Thirdly, the schemes are designed such that the risk lies mostly with the private parties.

Existing means of communication and the economic and political structure of the country made it difficult to establish a stable centralised administration over all parts of the country. Thus Aurangzeb was overstretched. His futile but arduous campaign against the Marathas extended over many years; it drained the resources of his Empire and ruined the trade and industry of the Deccan. Peasantry was deeply dissatisfied with feudal oppression by zamindars, nobles, and the state. Thus there were Satnami, the Jat, and the Sikh uprisings(peasants formed their backbone) in Delhi.

Human capital considers education and health as a means to increase labour productivity. Human development is based on the idea that education and health are integral to human well-being because only when people have the ability to read and write and the ability to lead a long and healthy life, they will be able to make choices which they value. According to human development, welfare should be increased through investments in education and health even if such investments do not result in higher labour productivity.

Dun formations are a feature of Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas. Some of the important Duns located in this region are Harike Dun, Dehra Dun, Kota Dun. The northern boundary of the peninsular block is an irregular line from Kutch along western flank of Aravali hills to Rajmahal hills, taken roughly parallel to Ganga and Yamuna. The peninsula is formed essentially by a great complex of very ancient gneisses and granites, which constitutes a major part of it. It mostly consists of relict and residual mountains such as Aravali hills, Nallamala hills, Javadi hills, Palkonda range.

Ladakh, Karakoram, Zaskar, Pir Panjal form part of Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas. The northeastern part of Kashmir Himalayas is a cold desert, which lies between Greater Himalayas and Karakoram range.Between Greater Himalayas and Pir Panjal range lies the Kashmir Valley and Dal lake. Important glaciers Siachen and Baltoro are found in this region. Some of the important passes of the region are Zoji La(Greater Himalayas), Banihal(Pir Panjal), Photu La(Zaskar), Khardung La(Ladakh).