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MGNREGA guarantees hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Individual beneficiary oriented works can be taken up on the cards of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, small or marginal farmers or beneficiaries of land reforms or beneficiaries under the Indira Awaas Yojana of the Government of India. The Gram Sabha is the principal forum for wage seekers to raise their voices and make demands. It is the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayat which approves the shelf of works under MGNREGA and fixes their priority.

India’s economic growth is closely related to energy demand; therefore the need for oil and gas is projected to grow more. The country’s oil consumption grew from 184.7 million tonnes in 2015-16 to 194.6 million tonnes in the following year and 206.2 million tonnes in the year thereafter. In 2018-19, demand grew by 2.6 per cent to 211.6 million tonnes. In contrast, domestic output continues to fall. India’s crude oil output fell from 36.9 million tonnes in 2015-16 to 36 million tonnes in 2016-17. The trend of negative growth continued in the following years as well as output fell to 35.7 million tonnes in 2017-18 and to 34.2 million tonnes in the fiscal year that ended on March 31, 2019.
Crude oil and natural gas are the second and third largest sources of electricity generated in India, after coal. Crude oil accounted for 10.34% and natural gas accounted for 8.7% of the total electricity produced in 2017-18.

India is 3rd largest GDP expressed in PPP terms, ahead of Japan and Germany. And China has the largest GDP expressed in PPP terms. India has 5th largest nominal GDP whereas US has the largest nominal GDP, followed by China, Japan and Germany.

Twin balance sheet problem refers to the scenario where balance sheets of banks and corporates are affected. A twin deficit occurs when a nation has both a current account deficit and a fiscal deficit. This means the country’s economy is importing more than it is exporting, and the country’s government is spending more money than it is generating.(The current account is an account on the balance of payments. The current account records a nation’s net imports and exports.)

The main difference between multispectral and hyperspectral is the number of bands and how narrow the bands are. Hyperspectral imaging uses continuous and contiguous ranges of wavelengths and consists of much narrower bands. Hyperspectral remote sensing is used for a range of applications like agriculture, forestry, soil survey, geology, coastal zones, inland water studies, environmental studies, detection of pollution from industries and the military for surveillance or anti-terror operations.  This technology is accompanied with high cost and complexity. There is a need for fast processing of data (fast computers), sensitive detectors and large data storage capacities for hyperspectral data.

The Act is the world’s only IPR legislation which grants intellectual property rights not only to the plant breeders but also to the farmers by protecting new, extant and farmers’ varieties. It aims to recognize and protect the rights of farmers in respect of their contributions made at any time in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources for the development of new plant varieties.Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FR Authority) facilitates registration of new plant varieties and maintenance of the National Register of Plant Varieties for registration of new plant varieties, essentially derived varieties (EDV) and extant varieties.

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority is an independent body under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. Its functions are: To fix/revise the controlled bulk drugs prices and formulations; To enforce prices and availability of the medicines under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order; To monitor the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization is the national regulatory body for Indian pharmaceuticals & medical devices under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. National Medical Devices Promotion Council will be headed by Secretary, DIPP. Apart from the concerned departments of the Government of India, it will also have representatives from the healthcare industry and quality control institutions. It will identify redundant processes and render technical assistance to the agencies and departments concerned to simplify the approval processes involved in the medical device industry.

At present, GST taxes and import/customs duties for inputs required to manufacture exported products are either exempted or refunded. However, certain taxes/duties/levies are outside GST, and are not refunded for exports, such as, VAT on fuel used in transportation, Mandi tax, Duty on electricity used during manufacturing etc. These would be covered for reimbursement under the RoDTEP Scheme. This would lead to cost competitiveness of exported products in international markets and better employment opportunities in export oriented manufacturing industries.

Fund of Funds does not directly invest into startups but provides capital to SEBI-registered Alternate Investment Funds (AIFs), known as daughter funds, who in turn invest money in growing Indian startups through equity and equity-linked instruments. The initiative also provides legal support(self certification on web portal), IPR protection (fast tracking of patent applications), tax exemptions(IT exemption for 3 years) and credit guarantee.