DAY 54Quick read

Writ jurisdiction
Supreme Court: Only for enforcement of fundamental rights . Parliament can confer additional power to SC.
High Court: For any purpose even for enforcement of ordinary legal rights.
CAN issue writ to any person, authority of govt not only within its territorial Jurisdiction(TJ) but also outside its TJ if the cause of action arises within its TJ.

For the concept of Contempt of Court, the Contempt of Court Act, 1971 was passed which dealt with such a concept. Article 129 and 215 of the Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court and High Court respectively to punish people for their respective contempt. Section 10 of The Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 defines the power of the High Court to punish contempt of its subordinate courts. Power to punish for contempt of court under Articles 129 and 215 is not subject to Article 19(1)(a).
The powers are defined in Contempt of Court Act, 1971 not in Constitution.

Salaries of both Supreme court and high court judges are determined by parliament which cannot be varied except in case of financial emergency.

The Supreme Court exercised Article 142 to direct that the Nirmohi Akhara, whose suit had been dismissed, will also get representation in the trust that the Centre must set up in three months to oversee the building of the temple.

“A food web illustrates, all possible transfers of energy and nutrients among the organisms
in an ecosystem, whereas a food chain traces only one pathway of the food”.
The steps of trophic levels expressed in a diagrammatic way are referred as
ecological pyramids.

Neuston:
These are unattached organisms which live at the air-water interface such as floating
plants, etc.
E.g., beetles and back-swimmers.
Periphyton:
These are organisms which remain attached to stems and leaves of rooted plants or
substances emerging above the bottom mud such as sessile algae and their associated group of animals.
Nekton:
This group contains animals which are swimmers.
The nektons are relatively large and powerful as they have to overcome the water
currents.
Benthos:
The benthic organisms are those found living in the bottom of the water mass.
Practically every aquatic ecosystem contains well developed benthos

In ecology, edge effects are changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two or more habitats. Areas with small habitat fragments exhibit especially pronounced edge effects that may extend throughout the range.

The edge effect is an ecological concept that describes how there is a greater diversity of life in the region where the edges two adjacent ecosystems overlap, such as land/water, or forest/grassland.

The Convention on Cybercrime, also known as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime or the Budapest Convention, is the first international treaty seeking to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations.

India maintained its status as a non-member of the Europe-led Budapest Convention.

Centre has notified the rules for the amended RTI Act, 2005. These rules will be applicable on all new appointments.

• The tenure of Information commissioners (ICs) in both Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SIC) has been reduced to three years.

Rule 21 gives absolute power to the Central Government to decide on any other allowances or service conditions not specifically covered by the 2019 Rules and its decision will be binding.

• Rule 22 states that the central government has the power to relax the provisions of any of the rules in respect of any class or category of persons.

Features of PMNDP: • Was rolled out in 2016 as part of the National Health Mission(NHM) for provision of free dialysis services to the poor • It is implemented in Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. • Every year about 2.2 Lakh new patients of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) get added in India resulting in additional demand for 3.4 Crore dialysis every year.