DAY 28Quick read

•The atmosphere is indirectly heated by terrestrial radiation from below. Therefore, the places near the sea-level record higher temperature than the places situated at higher elevations. In other words, the temperature generally decreases with increasing height.
•Another factor that influences the temperature is the location of a place with respect to the sea. Compared to land, the sea gets heated slowly and loses heat slowly. Land heats up and cools down quickly. Therefore, the variation in temperature over the sea is less compared to land.
•Like the land and sea breezes, the passage of air masses also affects the temperature. The places, which come under the influence of warm air masses experience higher temperature and the places that come under the influence of cold air-masses experience low temperature. Similarly, the places located on the coast where the warm ocean currents flow record higher temperature than the places located on the coast where the cold currents flow.

•A long winter night with clear skies and still air is an ideal situation for inversion. The heat of the day is radiated off during the night, and by early morning hours, the earth is cooler than the air above. Over polar areas, temperature inversion is normal throughout the year.
•Surface inversion promotes stability in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Smoke and dust particles get collected beneath the inversion layer and spread horizontally to fill the lower strata of the atmosphere.

•Land heats up and cools down very fast as compared to the water. Areas in the interior of India are far away from the moderating influence of the sea. Such areas have extremes of climate.
•There may or may not be much difference between the altitudes of land and ocean.
•Winds do not contribute enough to the variations in temperature.
•Coastal region receives more rainfall.

Steppe’s climate is continental with extremes of temp. Nomadic tribes like Kirghiz are found. Rainfall is expected to be light. African Savannah gets moderate rainfall.

Statement 1: The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the government (Central, state and local) cannot be compelled to implement them.
Statement 2: The Directive Principles, though non-justiciable in nature, help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. The Supreme Court has ruled many times that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such a law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.
Statement 3: They aim at realising the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution. They embody the concept of a ‘welfare state’ and not that of a ‘police state’, which existed during the colonial era. In brief, they seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State:
•To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39).
•To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A).
•To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries (Article 43 A).
•To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life (Article 48 A).
•44th Amendment Act of 1978 added one more Directive Principle, which requires the State to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities (Article 38).
•86th Amendment Act of 2002 changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a fundamental right under Article 21 A.
•The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 added a new Directive Principle relating to co-operative societies. It requires the state to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies (Article 43B).

Directive Principles of state policy cannot act as constraints/limitations on the government because they are not enforceable and they are fundamental to the governance of a country.
Fundamental Rights operate as limitations on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary laws of the legislature.

Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs and STs comes under the Gandhian Principles of DPSP whereas providing equal justice and free legal aid to the poor comes under the Socialistic Principles of DPSP.

CWC (erstwhile Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission) was established in 1945 by the Government on the advice of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Member (Labour) in Viceroy’s Executive Council.

•Tissues have been included along with the Organs.
•Provision of Swap Donation included. A Swap Donation involves an exchange of organs between two families, who cannot donate the organ to their own family member because of blood group mismatch.
•‘Near relative’ definition has been expanded to include grandchildren, grandparents.