DAY 27Quick read

• Electro-magnetic radiation causes temperature change which induces metamorphism of rocks. Gravity besides being a directional force activating all downslope movements of matter also causes stresses on the earth’s materials. 
• Plate movement results into continent building. The energy emanating from within the earth is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. This energy is mostly generated by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction and primordial heat from the origin of the earth. This energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. 
• Due to variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow from within, crustal thickness and strength, the action of endogenic forces are not uniform and hence the tectonically controlled original crustal surface is uneven

The most proximate reasons for the lack of activity in the South Atlantic are sea surface temperatures that tend to run a shade cooler than ideal for tropical cyclone formation even in the southern summer, climatologically high values of vertical wind shear across that basin throughout the year, and a lack of pre-existing centers of rotation (vorticity) in that area.

Wet equatorial climate, is characterized by consistently high temperatures (around 30 °C [86 °F]), with plentiful precipitation (150–1,000 cm [59–394 inches]) on most afternoons. Heavy cloud cover, and high humidity, with very little annual temperature variation. Wet equatorial regions lie within about 12° latitude of the Equator.

•Tundra climate is found mainly north of the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. It has long severe winters and cool and short summers.
•Due to extremely harsh climatic conditions, hardly any vegetation can survive in this region. There are no trees in Tundra because of the very short growing season and very low temperature the whole year round. Mosses, lichens and sedges grow here. In coastal lowlands, some hardy grasses grow.

•Fundamental rights can be classified as executory and non-executory rights. Some provisions of Part III of the Constitution are not self-executory i.e., these articles are not directly enforceable. They are indirectly enforceable and require the enactment of some law to bring them into effect. They are enforceable only if the law is violated.
•For eg, Art. 15(2) (equality in regard to access to use of places of public resort), Art. 17 (prohibition of untouchability), Art. 18 (3)-(4) (prohibition of acceptance of foreign title), Art. 23 (prohibition of traffic in human beings), Art 24. (Prohibition of employment of children in hazardous employment), are executory rights, needing a law to enforce them.

Statement 1: Unlike some of the Fundamental Rights which extend to all persons whether citizens or foreigners, the Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to foreigners.
Statement 2: Like the Directive Principles, the fundamental duties are also non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts. Moreover, there is no legal sanction against their violation. However, the Parliament is free to enforce them by suitable legislation.

Statement 1: They serve as a warning against the anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on.
Statement 2: They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.
Statement 3: They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. They create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realisation of national goals.

•The ReCAAP is the first regional Government-to-Government agreement to deal with piracy and armed robbery at sea in Asia. Presently 20 countries are members of ReCAAP.
•The Union Government has designated Indian Coastal Guard(ICG) as the focal point within India for ReCAAP.

•It was set up by the government of India in 2010 to strengthen and institutionalize the mechanism for maintaining financial stability and enhancing inter-regulatory coordination.
•FSDC has replaced the High Level Coordination Committee on Financial Markets (HLCCFM), which was facilitating regulatory coordination, though informally, prior to the setting up of FSDC.
•Chairperson: The Union Finance Minister of India

•It was launched with the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, by promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women especially with weak socio-economic status i.e. women from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and BPL households.
•Exclusion criteria of age of mother as 19 years or above and up to two children only for home and institutional deliveries under the JSY have been removed and eligible mothers are entitled to JSY benefit regardless of any age and any number of children.