DAY 25Quick read

Differentiation is related to formation of earth. During the formation of the moon, due to the giant impact, the earth was further heated up. It is through the process of differentiation that the earth forming material got separated into different layers.

• Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e., Earth’s surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere, which promotes vertical mixing. 
• The troposphere contains approximately 80% of the mass of the atmosphere of the Earth.

The Van Alien radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, which is held in place by Earth’s magnetic field. It is believed that most of the particles that form the belts come from solar wind, and other particles by cosmic rays and is located in the inner region of the Earth’s Magnetosphere. It is named after its discoverer, James Van Alien.

Polar Vortex is a whirling cold wind present at both North Pole and South Pole. It results because of the increased temperature difference between the dark, frigid Arctic and the warm tropics. There are two vortices, one in the layer of the upper atmosphere known as the stratosphere and one in the lower section, where our weather happens, called the troposphere. These two features interact with each other and can affect the meteorological goings-on outside of the Arctic.

Fundamental Rights are included under Part III of the Indian Constitution. They aim to safeguard individual liberty and put restrictions on the power and authority of the State.

Statement 1: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the barbarism of World War II.

Statement 2: The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens following the model of the rights-duty duality. 

Rights-duty duality model is as explained below

Statement 1: Political rights give to the citizens the right to equality before law and the right to participate in the political process. They include such rights as the right to vote and elect representatives, the right to contest elections, the right to form political parties or join them.

Statement 2: Political rights are supplemented by civil liberties.  Civil liberties and political rights form the basis of a democratic system of government.

The word fundamental suggests that Fundamental rights are so important that the Constitution has separately listed them and made special provision for their protection. They are guaranteed by the fundamental law of the land.

Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation program, better known as SVEEP, is the flagship program of the Election Commission of India for voter education, spreading voter awareness and promoting voter literacy in India.

A scramjet engine is an improvement over the ramjet engine because the former operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds and allows supersonic combustion. Ramjets, in contrast, operate well at supersonic speeds around Mach 3 but their efficiency drops at hypersonic speeds.